The eighteen-month-old son of Maria Bayles died this date, June 25th, in 1846 of Marasmus* and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. An 1846 Philadelphia African American Census worker contacted Ms. Bayles after her son died. The Census reports that Ms. Bayles was a single woman working as a domestic who lived at 15 Washington Street paying $2 a month for a room which was about what she made for a week’s work. Ms. Bayles reported to the census taker that she attended church services and was a member of a beneficial society that likely assisted her in paying the funeral expenses for her son.

Ms. Bayles lived with her son on Washington Street (now Rodman Street, see the red marker below) which was between 11th and 12th Streets and Lombard and South Streets. 

Ms. Bayles was a “free black,” a person of color who was not enslaved. However, no African American in Philadelphia could consider his or her freedom secure as long as somewhere in the United States Blacks were enslaved and slave hunters were on the prowl. It did not matter where free Black citizens lived; they inexorably were linked to the institution of slavery. They could be accused by anyone that they were not who they said they were. The burden of proof would rest on the freeman to immediately produce “Freedom Paper” on demand. The document had to be carried at all times and, if the Black citizens weren’t able to show it, they could be kidnapped by fugitive slave hunters as a result. Ms. Bayles may have carried a document that resembled the following:

“Freedom Paper” issued by a Philadelphia Justice of the Peace.

Maria Bayles interred her son on a day when the weather was reported to be “very pleasant” with the morning being cool and warming into the afternoon. (North American, 2 July 1846.)

*”Marasmus” stood for a variety of malnutrition, wasting and starvation illnesses. The condition has been characterized as a disease of the “extremely poor.”  Often the infant or child was getting too many carbohydrates (cheaper) and little if any protein (more expensive). In many cases, the individual simply starved to death for lack of any food.

The nine-month-old Jackson child (gender not specified) died this date, June 22nd, in 1835 of “Summer Complaint” (Cholera) and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. The child did not have a death certificate and was only recorded on the burying ground’s weekly summary of those interred. The child’s father was Isaac Jackson and, according to the 1836 Philadelphia African American Census, he was employed as a “laundering dealer” and his spouse (unnamed) was employed as a laundress. It appears that they both worked in a family business. In addition to the deceased child, the Jacksons had two other children. All the children and one adult were born in Philadelphia. One of the adults was formerly enslaved and gained his or her liberation through manumission. The Census records reported that the family attended church services at Wesley AMEZ.

The red arrow indicates the location of the Jackson family home in what now is known as the 600 block of Bainbridge Street in south Philadelphia.

According to the 1836 Census, the Jackson family lived on “Shippen Street below 7th Street,” what now is known as the 600 block of Bainbridge Street. Ten months previous to the Jackson child dying, Shippen Street was overrun by a large violent mob that destroyed two Black churches and thirty-seven homes of African American citizens on Shippen Street and the surrounding blocks such as Baker, Small, St. Mary’s and Bedford Streets. Several African Americans were killed and dozens horribly injured by white gangs with the names of Gunner, Punch, and Big Gun. There were pockets of resistance. However, they were quickly overrun. Black families escaped into other parts of the city or “trembled” in the back of dark cellars.* It is not known which path the Jackson family took. Ms. Jackson would have been 8 to 9 months pregnant with her aforementioned child.

In 1846, a census taker for the Philadelphia African American Census summed up his/her observation on African Americans living in the Jacksons’ neighborhood:

“On Shippen street between 7th & 8th there are some very respectable colored people but, for the most part, those miserable creatures are in the majority. There are in this vicinity not so many as in Baker street and other places but still the number is alarming there are many here who from necessity are very destitute and doubtless would do much better if an opportunity to do so was afforded but from the peculiar situations in which many are placed it seems almost a matter of impossibility for them to do better without the assistance of those in whose power it is to give them regular employment. Another great cause of the poverty of the paupers and the laborers is the vast and almost insurmountable rent rates, many who from being without employment this winter have had to pawn almost everything they possessed to keep up.”

The nine-month-old Jackson child was one of the 213 children under a year-old who died of Cholera in Philadelphia in 1835. Of the surviving death certificates for all of those buried at Bethel Burying Ground, 126 are recorded to have died from Cholera. The death rate among Blacks was twice that of whites.

The child of Isaac Jackson was interred on a sunny day with light wind. The temperature reached 71 degrees at 3PM. 

*Macon (GA) Weekly Telegraph, 28 August 1834.

Sixty-eight-year-old Rachel Brown died this date, June 17th, in 1840 of ovarian cancer and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Ms. Brown was a widow living with her adult children. In addition to Ms. Brown, there were five other family members. Four out of the six were born in Pennsylvania. Her oldest son was a seaman, according to the Philadelphia 1836 African American Census. There was another son occupied as a house painter. The Brown family worshipped at Bethel AME Church.

The Brown family lived on Little Oak Street, a dead end alley barely over the border from the city into the Southwark District in south Philadelphia. The modern map below shows the location of Little Oak (red arrow) and the location of where the educator and civil rights activist Octavius V. Catto lived and was assassinated (purple arrow). During the gruesome anti-African American riots of the 1830s and 40s, this area was a war zone. The crazed white mobs advanced through the neighborhood pillaging, burning and murdering any Black man or woman that was unlucky enough to be caught outside. Many Black families left the city and escaped by ferry to Camden, New Jersey. The small city police force was overrun often by gangs with the names of Rats, Killers, Blood Tubs and Bouncers.

Little Oak Street is now known as Kenilworth Street.

The day after Ms. Brown passed away “We had showers all day, until toward night when a splendid rainbow appeared and gave promise of future fine weather.” (Public Ledger, 19 June 1840)

Seventy-three-year-old Philip Nelson died this date, May 31st, in 1850 of Tuberculosis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Mr. Nelson was employed as a “Gentleman’s nurse,” according to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. He reportedly earned $20 a month and his duties would be similar to a personal attendant or valet. Mr. Nelson was a widower. However, below is who I believe to have been his son, William Nelson, and his family. The information is from the 1850 Federal Census. The initial “M” next to the gender category stands for “Mulatto.” 

(William Nelson 49 y/o – Blacksmith born in Virginia; Henrietta 43 y/o born in Maryland; Sarah 23 y/o born in Maryland; William 17 y/o born in Maryland; Ezekiel 15 y/o born in Maryland.)

Mr. Nelson’s obituary was published in the June 3, 1850 edition of the Public Ledger. Interestingly, the obit stated that Mr. Nelson “was of the family of the late Dr. Henry Claggett, of Leesburg, Virginia.” Claggett was a white slaver who had plantations in Virginia and Maryland, according to “Laws made and passed by the General Assembly of the State of Maryland in 1835.” Claggett had to get permission from both states to move his slaves from one state to the other. Basically, the obit is stating that the white enslaver was Philip Nelson’s father and Nelson was at one point enslaved. 

At the time of Mr. Nelson’s death, one-in-four African Americans in Philadelphia were born enslaved.  (1847 Census)

Although Mr. Nelson died on the 31st of May, he wasn’t buried until June 4th. The funeral service was held at the Nelson family home on 8th Street between Catharine and Queen Streets, only three blocks from Bethel Burying Ground. Mr. Nelson’s obituary stated that, while suffering the long fatal course of Tuberculosis, he “. . . bore the last with Christian patience and resignation.” Mr. Nelson’s coffin was carried to the small cemetery and interred at approximately 4 o’clock on a warm June afternoon.

The eighteen-month-old son of William Blake died this date, May 26th, in 1849 of convulsions and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. The child’s first name was not recorded. According to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census, Mr. Blake worked in a store that sold stoves located on 12th Street below Pine Street. Ms. Blake (unnamed) was employed as a laundress. There were a total of five in the family with one female child 15 years old or younger working as a cook, earning $2 a week. The fifth family member was identified only as “under 50.”  They all lived in one room at 54 Currant Alley for which they paid $7.20 a month.

Currant Alley was a two-city-block long narrow thoroughfare that historian Roger Lane considered “one of the worst [streets] in Philadelphia.”* Ninety-six Black families lived in the densely packed alley with a staggering total of three hundred twenty-one family members, according to the 1847 Census. The Census also showed that the Currant Alley adults were solidly working class, having a wide range of laboring and domestic jobs to which African American men and women were restricted.

On the day that the Blakes buried their child at Bethel Burying Ground, the dawn broke cool and overcast. During the day, the temperature never got above 59 degrees.

* “William Dorsey’s Philadelphia and ours . . .”

Forty-three-year-old Mary Ann Miller died this date, May 8th in 1843, of Tuberculosis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Ms. Miller was a dressmaker, according to the 1838 “Register of the Trades of Colored People in the City of Philadelphia and the Districts.” She worked out of her home at the corner of #1 Gray’s Alley and 2nd Street, near the Delaware River docks and the center of the city’s import/export business. 

The 1837 Philadelphia African American Census reported that eighty-two Black women made their living by dressmaking at the artisan level.

Gray’s Alley was a small narrow alleyway that contained twenty-five African American families totaling seventy-three individuals, according to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. The crowded underventilated lodgings were the perfect environment for the disease that killed Mary Ann Miller. The male members of the families on Gray’s Alley were laborers, usually working as porters at the Delaware docks, and the female family members were laundresses or domestics who worked in the homes of the wealthy merchants nearby. Families would live in one room in the two and three-storied brick homes that were built before the Revolution. The rooms were commonly 10’x10′ for which the rent was around $1 – $2 a week.

Ms. Miller would have lived through the thirteen years of mob violence against Philadelphia’s people of color prior to her death. In 1842, the year before she died, there was a three-day riot in August that saw white mobs loot and burn Black homes, churches and public buildings. Black men and women were assaulted and forced to flee the city. There was never an accurate accounting of murdered African Americans. No whites were held significantly accountable. The mayor criticized the African Americans of the city for being provocative by demanding their civil rights.