Bethel Burying Ground Project

One-year-old Charles Elias died this date, July 6th, in 1844 of Cholera and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. His mother Elizabeth was young, at nineteen-years-old, while his father James was twenty-four-years-old. James worked as a waiter and Elizabeth labored as a laundress, according to the Philadelphia African American Census of 1847 and the U.S. Census of 1850. Mr. Elias was born in Delaware and Ms. Elias in Philadelphia. It appears that Baby Charles was their only child at that time. However, Elizabeth Elias would have two daughters by the 1850 Census. Sarah Ann was born in 1847 and Mary in 1848. 

Quince Street in 1915 (Temple University Archives)

Quince Street was a narrow street near Rittenhouse Square, toward the western end of center city Philadelphia. It was little more than a cart path that would often be blocked by piles of garbage, ash, and animal waste. In the winter, snow and ice would make it impassable. The existence of several stables and carpenter workshops on the street made buildings vulnerable to frequent fires.  In 1847, this small thoroughfare was crammed with forty-three Black families totaling one-hundred and thirteen members that worked as laborers and domestics. The poor living conditions led to the deadly diseases of Tuberculosis, Cholera, and Pneumonia.

The burning of St. Agnes Catholic Church by Nativists

On the day that one-year-old Charles Elias died the city erupted into a hellish battlefield. For the second time in a month, thousands of Nativists, white Protestants, invaded the Southward District, looking to destroy Catholic churches and the Irish men and women who worshipped in them. The death and destruction continued for days, until the military intervened. Black families fled the city or hid in their homes with the memories of the race riots of 1839 and 1842 still fresh in their minds.  

Mother and Child (New York Library Digital Collection: 1939.)

With measureless grief, the young couple watched their baby quickly deteriorate and suffer constant diarrhea, vomiting and, then, the convulsions. They were unable to do anything as their infant slipped into a coma and died. They buried their son on a hot day in July at Bethel Burying Ground.*

*Little Charles Elias is the tenth documented individual as of July 6, 2020 to have resided on Quince Street and interred at Bethel Burying Ground. 

Twelve-year-old Lucretia* Blake died this date, June 19th, in 1851 of “Natural Causes”** and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Her mother, Ellen Blake, was forty-four-years-old at the time of her daughter’s death. Ms. Blake was employed as a laundress. Her spouse, John Blake, was forty-five and was a coachman earning $16 a month, according to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. Ms. Blake may have been able to earn $.50 to $1.00 a week.

Lucretia was the oldest child of Ellen and John Blake. At the time of her death, they were also the parents of nine-year-old Mary, five-year-old George, and two-year-old John, according to the 1850 U.S. Census. Everyone in the family was born in Pennsylvania except Mr. Blake who was born in Delaware. 

The Blake family lived in a couple of rooms at 29 Barclay Street for which they paid $3.12 a month, according to the 1847 Census. The above map illustrates the proximity of the Blakes’ home (red arrow) to Bethel A.M.E. Church (red circle).

Sixteen months before Lucretia died, her family was in the center of a racist maelstrom. In October of 1849, the Sixth and Lombard Streets area saw thousands of rampaging white racists killing, assaulting, and burning the churches, businesses, and homes of Black families. Did the ten-year-old Lucretia hide with her family at home praying that the mob would leave them alone? Did she help comfort her siblings? Did the family hurry to Bethel Church for protection? The screaming and the smell of the fires would have been terrifying.

Sankola

Twelve-year-old Lucretia Blake died on a warm June day in 1851. She was buried, with dignity, at Bethel Burying Ground.

*The coroner misspelled Lucretia’s name on the death certificate. The correct spelling appears in the 1850 U.S. Census.

**Death from ‘natural causes’ might include a heart attack, stroke, illness, or infection. By contrast, death caused by active intervention is known as ‘unnatural death,’ such as in the case of murder or suicide. It is likely that Lucretia collapsed in public.

Fifteen-year-old Bingham Baker died this date, June 17th, in 1824 of Tuberculosis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Also buried there was Mr. Adam Baker who died the year before. He lived at the same address as Bingham and was likely the grandfather. The older man would have been approximately fifty-four-years-old at the time of Bingham’s birth. 

In 1816, seven years before Adam’s death, an Adam Baker lost a year old daughter. All three are buried at Bethel Burying Ground. It appears that there was probably an Adam, Sr. and an Adam, Jr.

Below is the summary of the 1820 Federal Census for the Adam Baker family.

The red arrow above indicates the residence of the Baker family at 28 Barron Street. The red circle illustrates the location of the city’s largest open-air market. Young Bingham would have been very familiar with the two city block long shed that was bustling with Black and white city residents looking to buy meats, vegetables, fruits, sweets, and dry good. There would have been an almost constant din from the large horse-drawn freight wagons coming from the surrounding counties who were bringing their farm goods to market and the loud calls of the vendors announcing their wares. Stepping outside his front door, Bingham might have been able to see the tall masts of the sailing ships at the Delaware River wharves. 

The Black teenager also saw the rapid increase in racist violence during the last several years of his life. “The streets of Philadelphia became dangerous by night and unsafe by day.” With the increase in assaults also came a wildly disproportionate increase in Blacks being imprisoned. In addition, fugitive slave kidnappers roamed the city streets seizing Black men and women who even slightly resembled the description of the newly liberated person. (1)

A prominent white Philadelphia journalist and editor wrote in 1824, “We hope that blacks will disappear from the streets of Philadelphia. They are a pernicious and irreclaimable race, whose insolence and ignorance seem to be increased by the means which have been taken to befriend them.” (2)

It appears that the racist was possibly reacting to an action in 1824 by 150 armed Black men and women who attacked the Arch Street Jail after a Black man was arrested for being a runaway from enslavement.  (3)

“Negro Boys Playing Marbles,” New York Public Library Digital Collection

Fifteen-year-old Bingham Baker died of Tuberculosis on a warm day in June and was buried by his family at Bethel Burying Ground.

(1) The Negro in Pennsylvania by Edward R. Turner, p. 155.

(2) Philadelphia in 1824/The Portfolio by Joseph Dennie (aka Oliver Oldschool), p. 458. Available at Haiti Trust.

(3) American Daily Advertiser, September 7 & 8, 1824.

Thirty-nine-year-old Catherine Lawson died this date, June 10th, in 1848 of Bronchitis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. According to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census, she struggled to make a living picking and cutting rags for 12 to 18 cents a day.* Her husband, James Lawson age thirty-eight,  worked on the wharves along the Delaware River. They had two children under the age of fifteen. It’s documented that Mr. Lawson was born in Maryland. There is no such documentation for Ms. Lawson.

The red arrow indicates the approximate location of the Lawsons’ residence. The red circle illustrates the location and the proximity of the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.

The Lawson family of four lived in a 10’x10′ room in the 600 block of Small Street for which they paid 50 cents a week. It appears that they lived in one of the few tenements on the street that was mostly occupied with shacks, sheds, and cellar dwellers. The Lawsons may have lived in the tenement that was mentioned in the summary of the 1847 Census that contained fifteen families of forty-two men, women, and children living in “miserable rooms.” They were all “raggers and boners.” The majority were not born in Pennsylvania which indicates they likely  were formerly enslaved. 

Ms. Catherine Lawson died on a rainy day in early June where the temperature rose to 73 degrees late in the afternoon. She was buried, with dignity, at Bethel Burying Ground.

*The 1847 Census tells us that Ms. Lawson was part of the “carpet rags” business. The first group of these women would scavage trash dumps for any clothing that was thrown out. The parts of the garment that could be salvaged were cut out, washed, and sold. Larger quantities of these rags would be sold by the pound to sweatshops where the second group of women would take the fabric and braid it to make rugs like the one in the below photograph.

Fifty-three-year-old Frances Paul died this date, May 26th, in 1853 of Typhoid Fever and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground on the 27th. The 1847 Philadelphia African American Census reports her occupation as cook. In 1847, she lived with her husband and five other females – one of which was a child and the remaining women were over 14 years of age. One of the females was reported as Lydia Paul, age 24 and born in Pennsylvania. She likely was a daughter of Thomas and Frances Paul. Thomas Paul was sixty-seven years old and was employed as a laborer in 1847.  

The other people living at 245 South 7th Street were occupied as dressmakers and a laundress. Mr. Paul was born enslaved as were two other residents. Two gained their freedom by manumission and the third by “limit.”* I don’t believe Ms. Frances Paul was one of those born into enslavement since her birthplace was New Jersey. It is possible, but unlikely.

The census sheet from 1850 shows the three Paul family members (in the red box) residing with six others who are likely boarders.

The red pin indicates the approximate location of the Paul family residence between Washington Square and Pennsylvania Hospital.

Frances Paul’s community on south 7th Street in 1847 was a crowded neighborhood. Approximately two hundred Black men and women on two blocks along south 7th Street were employed as seamen, waiters, milliners, laundresses, barbers and coachmen. Ms. Paul was stricken with Thyroid Fever from drinking polluted water. It is likely that the local hand pumps brought up water contaminated with human waste leaked from overflowing cesspools. The disease also would have affected the entire neighborhood. 

The individuals inflicted with the disease would suffer for weeks or months before they died or survived the infection. In 1852 through 1853 two-hundred eighty-eight Philadelphians died of Tyhpoid Fever. Another nine-hundred twenty-two died of Dysentery, a symptom of Typhoid Fever.

Ms. Frances Paul succumbed to her disease on a clear day in late May of 1853. Her loving family buried her at Bethel Burying Ground.

*By the use of the term ‘limit’ I take it to mean that the years of enslavement were limited to a number of years set down in the will or a legal declaration of the enslaver. 

** https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/typhoid-fever-and-filtered-water/

Sixty-seven-year-old Amy James died this date, May 15th, in 1841, of an aneurysm (blood clot) to her heart and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Ms. James was a widow living on Baker Street in South Philadelphia. The 1837 Philadelphia African American Census reports that she owned real estate valued at $750. In modern currency, it would be $22,500. It appears that Ms. James owned her home on Baker Street where her income came from renting rooms. In addition, she paid $25/$750 in “ground rent”* and $7.50/$225.00 to the water company. 

Census and bank records show Ms. James was employed as a day worker and a whitewasher at different times in her life. A whitewasher was a plasterer and house painter.

Public Ledger, August 23, 1841

 The above advertisement, published several months after her death, asked those who owe or who are owned money by Ms. James to communicate with the executors of her estate. Charles Wilmore was a neighbor on Baker Street and a porter by trade. David Ware was a prominent teacher and clergyman at the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. 

The above map shows the location of Baker Street (red arrow) to the location of Bethel Burying Ground (red circle).

In 1827, Ms. James along with two neighbors, Jane Ginn and Hester Butler, opened a bank account at the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society (PSFS). The two Baker Street neighbors also were signees in an account titled “In Trust for the Warner Mifflin Benevolent Trust.” 

Warner Mifflin (1745-1798) was recognized internationally for his antislavery efforts and is credited with assisting a great number of African Americans in obtaining their freedom. Warner Mifflin, a devote Quaker, was widely known and respected for his brave efforts to  promote “righteousness, mercy, and peace, among mankind.” (https://archives.delaware.gov/tag/warner-mifflin/)

The Fund may have been established to assist recently freed enslaved African Americans. Ms. James also had a personal account at PSFS.

THREE WOMEN ON LOMBARD STREET

Ms. James died on a Saturday in May of 1841. The day began clear, during which the  temperature rose to 69 degrees by late afternoon. She was buried at Bethel Burying Ground.

*Ground rent is an agreement between a landlord and a tenant, where a tenant pays for the right of using a plot of land. With ground rent, the tenant owns the property on the land but does not own the land itself. The ground rent is paid as a fixed fee to the landlord.

Sixty-eight-year-old Susan Brown died this date, May 6th, in 1848 of “old age” and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. The year before she died, Ms. Brown cooperated with the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. She reported that she lived in a room at 96 Gaskill Street with another woman who was under fifty years old and was employed as a laundress. Their relationship was not documented.

Ms. Brown did not report any employment for her self. She did receive public aid. The women paid $1.50 a month in rent for their room. 

The 1847 Philadelphia African American Census shows Gaskill Street was home to 58 Black families with a total of 152 members. The adults were employed in various occupations that included mariner, chimney sweep, porter, wood sawyer, shopkeeper, sailmaker, harnessmaker, shoemakers, laundress, and waiter.

Gaskill Street was only an eight-foot-wide narrow cartway that was often clogged with garbage and ash from stoves. Heavy rains and overflowing cesspools would flood the basements with human excrement. Sewage would filter down to the water level and contaminate the drinking water at the local hand pump, causing illness and sometimes death. In the winter, snow and ice would make the thoroughfare impassable. 

This 1904 photo shows the rear of the homes in the 700 block of Naudain Street (formerly Gaskill Street). The area was called Brown’s Court.

Ms. Susan Brown died on a Spring day in May and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground.

Fifty-four-year-old Dinah Johnson died this date, May 2nd, in 1854 of Tuberculosis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. (1) She worked as a laundress and was a native of New Jersey, according to the 1850 U.S. Census. Ms. Johnson lived in a building at 184 Pine Street which was between 6th and 7th Streets. For this, she paid $4 a month in rent. (2) This was a hefty amount for rent. However, the 1847 Census shows that she was living with two other female adults and a female child at this address. Their relationship was not documented. One of the other women worked as a laundress while the other as a seamstress. Three members of this family were not native to Pennsylvania. Four could read and three could write. All the women regularly attended church services and belonged to a beneficial society. 

The red pin illustrates the location of Ms. Johnson’s home. The red circle marks the nearby location of Bethel AME Church.

It is not known how long Ms. Johnson was sick with Tuberculosis. There was generally known to be two types of the illness: “chronic” that could go on for years or “galloping consumption” which would kill in a matter of weeks. No matter which one plagued Ms. Johnson, she probably went to Mr. Zolhekoffer’s drug store on her street corner to purchase the medicines that would help with the violent coughing, diarrhea, and blood-spitting that accompanied the disease. She also may have purchased a compound that would help her sleep for a few hours. According to the Philadelphia Board of Health, Ms. Johnson was one of the 1,394 citizens to die in 1854 due to Tuberculosis of the lungs.

With families packed into one or two poorly ventilated rooms, the Tuberculosis bacteria could infect and kill an entire family.

Ms. Johnson died on a early day in May in 1854 and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground.

(1) The spelling of Ms. Johnson’s first name was also reported as “Diana.”

(2) The social worker interviewing Ms. Johnson in 1847 reported that “She (Ms. Johnson) probably gains her rent by letting out houses.” I take this to mean she acted as a representative of the tenement owner and managed the rentals for the owner.

Eight-three-year-old Hannah Harris died this date, April 27th, in 1848 of a stomach ailment (Gastritis) and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. The 1847 African American Census shows that Ms. Harris lived alone in a room at 17 Barley Street for which she paid $2 a month. 

Barley Street was a narrow two-block long thoroughfare. It was home to 57 Black families with a total of 245 individuals, according to the 1847 Census. These individuals were employed in 25 different occupations. The street was located near 10th and Pine Streets. 

The red arrow in the above map illustrates the location of Ms. Harris’ home. The red star indicates the location and proximity of Pennsylvania Hospital, the country’s first hospital. The red circle indicates the future location of the first public school for Black children in Philadelphia.

Also, according to the 1847 Census, Ms. Harris was no longer employed (“past work”). It was also reported she received aid from a private charity and wood for her stove from another charity. The charities likely were the Union Benevolent Association and the Guardians of the Poor, respectively. (1)

                                                                               TO BE SOLD                                                                                                      “A Likely Negroe Girl, about twelve Years old; she is sold for no Fault” Philadelphia Gazette , June 1, 1765

                                                                          TO BE SOLD                                                                                              “A Likely healthy Negroe Man, 23 Years old, fit for Town or Country Work, he is sober and honest, has had the Smallpox . . . he is sold for no Fault but for Want of Work.”        Pennsylvania Gazette , June 6, 1765

Ms. Harris was born in Philadelphia in 1765. As the above advertisements illustrate, slavery plagued the city at that time. Black men, women, and children were being sold on Market Street and Front Street in taverns and coffee houses. Two years after Ms. Harris was born, the importation of enslaved Blacks into the colony was prohibited. Was Ms. Harris born to enslaved parents or parents who were free of bondage? 

Ms. Harris died on a clear day in late April after a long illness and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground.

(1) “Sixteenth Annual Report of the Benevolent Association,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 Oct 1847.