Thirty-one-year-old George Griffiths died this date, March 24th, in 1841 of Small Pox and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. The 1840 U.S. Census shows that he was married and that the couple had a daughter. The 1839 City Directory reports his occupation as a laborer. Ms. Griffiths worked as a “day worker.” Her first name was not recorded. The Griffiths’ family lived in Marriot’s Lane between 2nd and 3rd Streets in the Olde City section of Philadelphia. 

Above is a 1910 photograph of Montrose Street (formerly Marriot’s Lane).

Mr. Griffiths was a victim of a small epidemic of Smallpox in 1841 Philadelphia. The Board of Health’s records show that he was one of the 159 victims who died that year. The worst plague of Small Pox took the lives of 4,464 Philadelphians between 1871-1872.

The disease is an extremely contagious and deadly virus for which there is no known cure. The last known case occurred in the United States in 1949 and, due to worldwide vaccination programs, this disease has been completely eradicated. The first smallpox vaccine was created in 1758. The success of vaccination from the deadly effects of this disease was brought to America by an enslaved Black man named Onesimus.* It is not known if Mr. Griffiths was vaccinated. A small percentage of those vaccinated still died from the disease.

Onesimus

George Griffiths was buried at Bethel Burying Ground on a “summer like” day in March. The temperature rose to a high of sixty-seven degrees. “People sat with their windows open, and the doors of the churches, as in midsummer, were not closed.”**

*For more on this man, please go to —–https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesimus_(Boston_slave)

**”North American,” 29 March 1841.

Sarah Larey died this date, March 19th, in 1840 of Tuberculosis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Born in New Jersey, she came to Philadelphia in 1813 when she was approximately thirty-three-year-old. It was reported on the death certificate that she was married, however, I haven’t been able to locate with certainty the name of that spouse.  

Ms. Larey lived with her family in Currant Alley, now Warnock Street. It is located between Locust and Spruce Streets between 10th and 11th Streets. Above is a photo of Warnock Street in 1926. Below is a photo of what Warnock Street looks like currently.

Ms. Larey may have been witness to the “riot” that took place in her neighborhood during the summer of 1839.

“Public Ledger,” 13 August 1839

Approximately one-hundred-year-old Hester Brown died this date, March 5th, in 1861 and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. I have not been able to find more personal information than what is on the death certificate. Born in Delaware in approximately 1761, she was most likely born to an enslaved mother at the least. Ms. Brown is not listed in any U.S. censuses or the Philadelphia African American censuses of 1836 and 1847. I also could not locate her in the Philadelphia city directories. Her death certificate reports that she was employed as a laundress. There were no mentions of her in the local newspapers of the era.

Ms. Brown lived in a room at 1017 Rodman Street, formerly known as Bonsall Street. 

Her address was at the southern limits of center city Philadelphia. 

The 900-1000 blocks of Rodman in 1861 was one of the thriving centers of African American family life. The LeCounts, Bolivars, Proctors, and Durhams, residents of those two blocks, were keystones in the building of educational, cultural, business, religious and civil rights institutions in 19th century Philadelphia. Perhaps none were more important as a role model than Hester Brown’s next door neighbor – The “Black Swan,” aka Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield.

Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield was born into slavery on a Natzeh, Mississippi plantation in 1819. Her life story is an amazing testament to the human spirit. She became a prominent vocalist that was the first Black person to sing for royalty during a concert attended by Queen Victoria in England. During her career, she traveled to Europe, Canada, and throughout the United States, performing to large crowds in concert and recital settings. In the antebellum United States, her concerts were often under heavy police guard because of the racist threats. She would tour in the Spring and Summer and, during the rest of the year, she was a vocal teacher to budding Black men and women seeking a singing career. Ms. Hester Brown certainly would have heard the beautiful tones wafting down Rodman Street.

908-910 Rodman Street in hard times (1926)

Hester Brown died on a cold March day where the temperature briefly rose to 41 degrees. Ms. Brown was not buried at Bethel Burying Ground for ten days after her death. It is not possible to give a definitive reason for this. Sometimes, if the weather is bad and/or the ground is frozen solid, there could be a delay.  That doesn’t appear to be the case with Ms. Brown after reviewing the weather in 1861 for the months of February and March. It could be that she was indigent and, likely, could not afford a burial plot and Bethel Church eventually stepped up. 

Coincidently, the funeral director, Thomas Allmond, who took care of Ms. Brown’s corpse, had his home and business at the same address as Ms. Brown, according to the 1860 city directory. Per the death certificate by 1861, he had moved down Rodman Street to 1027. 

The six-month-old unnamed son of Mary Ann and William Morris died this date, February 22nd, in 1844 of Gastritis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. By 1847, according to the Philadelphia African American Census, Mr. Morris was no longer in public documents.* I have not been able to find a death certificate for him. The 1847 Census reports that Ms. Morris is occupied as a wash woman with two daughters at home between the ages of five and fifteen years of age. Both attend school and can read and write. They were born in Pennsylvania while Ms. Morris was not. Ms. Morris and her children regularly attended church services. She also was a member of a beneficial society in the church. The family lived in one 11’x11′ room at 19 Middle Alley for which they paid $1.25 in rent, likely the equivalent to what Ms. Morris earned in a week of work. Middle Alley was one of the most notorious and deadly pestholes in the city and districts of Philadelphia. Many residents, both adults and children, would die from want of food and medical attention. Infanticide was not uncommon and the city’s coroner was not an infrequent visitor to the unpaved “Murderer’s Row.”

The Morris infant died on a clear day where the temperature rose to 54 degrees. Sadly, Mary Ann Morris would die of Tuberculosis in Blockley Hospital seven years later and was buried in the local Potter’s Field. 

*The death certificate is not signed by a physician. It is signed by George W. Morse. There is a man by that name listed in the 1844 City Directory as a “card manufacturer” or printer that prints business and social cards. This individual may have been Mr. Morris’ employer and perhaps gives us a hint at what Mr. Morris did for a living.

The unnamed seventeen-month-old daughter of John A. Warren died this date, February 7th, in 1845 of Marasmus* and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. I was unable to locate the name of the child’s mother. The 1847 African American Census is the only document where the Warren family is recorded. The reason for this may be that the family or members of the family formerly were enslaved and had escaped their captivity. This group of people did not tend to be receptive to census takers. The 1847 Census does report a total of six members in the family – four males and two females. Four family members were between 15 years and 50 years of age. There was one family member between 5 years and 15 years and one under the age of 5. Four of the family members were not native to the state of Pennsylvania. 

The 1847 Census simply states the family lived on Cedar Street which we now know as South Street. There was no house number given. We do know that they paid $7.50 a month for rent which was a hefty amount and may mean they rented more than just one room. The above photo is of the three hundred block of Cedar which now is only several blocks from the Delaware River docks. Mr. Warren sold oysters for a living, so it is likely that the family lived near the eastern end of Cedar Street. Oysters were the fast food of the 18th and 19th century in Philadelphia. Mr. Warren’s income would not have been steady because of the variability of the weather and the seasonal availability of oysters. Given the high rent, other members of the family beside Mr. Warren also had to be employed.

Oyster boats cannot work if they are frozen in the January ice.

∞∞∞

The Warrens’ baby girl died on a day that saw the end of a three-day snow and ice storm that deposited up to twelve inches of snow locally. Traveling within the city was practically impossible. The body at least would have been wrapped in a sheet and kept in the family’s room or apartment. The family may have had a small coffin made.

*Marasmus is caused by starvation or a diet totally absent from necessary nutrition. Apart from weight loss, long-term effects of Marasmus in children include repeated infections. Diarrhea, measles, or respiratory infections are serious complications that can be fatal in a child with this illness.