Eighty-nine-year-old Phillis Williams died this date, January 15th, in 1854 of “old age” and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Ms. Williams was a widow whose deceased spouse, Sampson, likely died pre-1836, according to census records. In addition, it is likely that he was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. A death certificate is not available for him. The vast majority of the Philadelphia Board of Health death certificates for the 1830s are missing and presumably no longer exist. 

Ms. Williams was born (1766) into slavery in Maryland and eventually gained her freedom through manumission, according to the 1850 U.S. Census. In 1847, four years before her death, she was living with the Coursey family at 30 Raspberry Street in a 12’x12′ room for which they paid $2.75 a month. Ann Coursey, then thirty-two-years-old, worked as a wash woman. William Coursey was employed as a waterman.* The Courseys had two children who likely attended The Raspberry Street School across the street from their home. The school was established by Mrs. Emeline Higgins for Black children in 1848.

Above is an undated photo of 921 Hutchinson Street  (formerly Raspberry Street) – the northeast corner of Hutchinson and Christian Streets.

On the day that Ms. Williams died, the day dawned “sunny and pleasant…But as the day advanced, grey and dusky clouds swarmed over the sky, and the air became raw, moist and extremely disagreeable.” (North American, 17 January 1854, p.3.)

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*Definition of Waterman — a: a man who makes his living from the water (as by fishing); b: a boatman who plies for hire, usually on inland waters or harbors. This information about the Courseys is from the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census.

Fifty-eight-year-old Barbara Ludlow died this date, January 11th, in 1848 of Typhoid Fever and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Ms. Ludlow was the matriarch of a large family, according to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. Typhoid Fever is a bacterial disease transmitted by the ingestion of food or water that is contaminated with the feces of an infected person and contains the bacterium Salmonella enterica. This disease has been a deadly human disease for thousands of years, flourishing in conditions of poor sanitation, crowding, and poverty. After becoming infected, the victim develops a high fever and becomes exhausted and emaciated due to constant diarrhea and the perforation of the intestines. The patient develops septicemia, slips into a coma and dies. 

The photograph above illustrates the problem that poor people faced getting clean water. The pump is being fed from a well that is next to outhouses. If the cesspool was not properly built or maintained, human waste likely seeped into the drinking and cooking water.

The red arrow above points to the exact location of #7 Little Pine Street that by 1856 became 707 Minster Street. It was a two-story wood frame house that housed three families, according to the 1847 Census. It appears that Ms. Ludlow’s family of nine lived in the 12’x12′ room on the first floor. The second floor was home to two separate families who paid rent by the week. The Ludlow family paid $3 a month. The 1847 census taker commented that there had been much sickness in the family and that “part” of the family members “sleep on the floor.”

The 1847 Philadelphia African American Census shows that there were eight other members of the family in addition to Ms. Ludlow. Five adult males were employed as waiters, woodsawyers and a coachman. The two adult females were employed as a barber and a washerwoman. The young children went to local schools – one of which was right across the street from their home. All of the adults regularly attended religious services.

Little Pine Street was a narrow two-block long thoroughfare located between 6th and 8th Streets and Pine and Lombard Streets. In 1847, it was home to at least 52 Black families consisting of 134 members. Nineteen men and woman reported having been enslaved previously.

Ms. Ludlow was buried at Bethel Burying Ground on a brutally cold day where the temperature sank to two degrees above zero. 

Fifty-six-year-old Lavinia Thomas died this date, January 2nd, in 1854 of a Hydrothorax* and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground.  According to the 1850 U.S. Census, Ms. Thomas, a native of North Carolina, lived with the Singer family. Theodore Singer, 45 years old, was born in New Jersey and employed as a waiter. His spouse, Rebecca, was 27 years old and also was born in New Jersey. All their children were born in Pennsylvania: John (17) worked as a barber; James (5) and Elizabeth (2). The Singers lost a two-year-old daughter, Mary Lavinia Singer, to Tuberculosis in July of 1849. She also was buried at Bethel Burying Ground.**

In 1847 the Thomas/Singer family lived on the 700 block of Cedar Street (now South Street) on the border of the city with the southern districts. All four members of the family lived in a 10’X10′ room for which they paid $3 a month. It was a busy business corridor and not an unusual address for someone in Mr. Singer’s occupation. However, by the time of Ms. Thomas’ death, they lived in St. Mary’s Street, the “heart of the slums.”  It would have been quite an economic fall for the family. St. Mary’s was a narrow thoroughfare lined with dilapidated hovels that were home to speakeasies,  prostitution, gambling, and rooming houses where rats ruled. In addition, St. Mary’s Street was a perennial target of violent white gangs who, in 1842, burned the local Black church to the ground. 

Black historian and abolitionist William Wells Brown declared of Philadelphia in 1854: “Colorphobia is more rampant here than in the pro-slavery, negro-hating city of New York” ***

Frederick Douglass agreed: 

Ms. Thomas was buried on a cold day in January at Bethel Burying Ground. It had been very cold for weeks where the Schuylkill River was frozen over and closed to ship traffic. It is likely Ms. Thomas was buried with the two-year-old Singer child who may have been her granddaughter. 

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*Hydrothorax is when blood accumulates in the chest cavity. This condition is most likely to develop secondary to congestive heart failure or liver disease.

**https://bethelburyinggroundproject.com/2017/07/14/two-year-old-mary-lavinia-singer-died-this-date-july-14th-in-1849-and-was-buried-at-bethel-burying-ground/

*** “Philadelphia: A 300-Year History,” p. 386. 

Thirty-one-year-old Elizabeth Baxter died this date, December 31st, in 1847 of an illness that resulted in paralysis before she passed away. The paralysis could have been either from trauma or from a cerebral vascular accident. Little is known about Ms. Baxter’s personal history. The Baxter family is not recorded in the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census or in the 1850 U.S. Census. The 1847 Philadelphia City Directory shows a James Baxter also residing on Shippen Street (now Bainbridge) between 12th and 13th Streets. Mr. Baxter is employed as a waiter.

Shippen Street in 1847 was an overcrowded slum that was home to at least sixty-five Black households totaling over 250 family members. The vast majority of the working females were employed as washwomen while the males were essentially laborers in a wide range of businesses including wharf worker, porter/carrier, and rag picker. An 1847 census worker commented on Black residents on Shippen Street: “Tis a very difficult matter to tell how much these people make a week or month. Some make a considerable amount. Others make very little. The more poor and respectable the person, the less they make. This is true in respect to both male and females.” 

Elizabeth Baxter was buried on a warm New Year’s Day at Bethel Burying Ground where the temperature reached fifty-four degrees.  

Seventy-year-old Sarah Mason died this date, December 19th, in 1851 of Pneumonia and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. There is only a small amount of personal data on Ms. Mason. The 1850 U.S. Census in the year before her death reported that she was born in Maryland in 1780. She lived with a family where the mother may have been her daughter. The family in 1850 included James Thomas (41 y/o) who was born in Delaware and was employed as a carriage drive. His spouse was Caroline Thomas (39 y/o), born in Maryland. They had two children William (17 y/o), a student, and Adelaid (3 y/o). Both children were born in Pennsylvania.

Ms. Mason and the Thomas family lived in a room on St. Joseph’s Avenue, an unpaved alley between Market and Chestnut Streets and what is now 17th and 18th Streets in center city Philadelphia. There is no mention of this thoroughfare in the 1837 or 1847 African American Censuses. 

Research has been unable to discover Ms. Mason’s employment over the decades. However, by 1847, forty-nine percent of Philadelphia Black women were occupied as washerwomen and domestic servants.* Historian Gayle T. Tate explains the difference between a washerwoman and a laundress. A washerwoman had no set clientele as opposed to a laundress who would have a steady clientele of “five or six families.” 

Mondays were often spent securing work assignments, augmenting one’s business, gathering work supplies, and setting up the general workloads based on expected days and times of delivery. Tuesdays and Wednesdays were designated as wash days, necessitating frequent trips to the fire hydrants, alternately boiling water while soaking clothes, washing and starching clothes in steaming hot water, and then hanging them, using the clothesline across the courtyards and the makeshift ones strung diagonally across the kitchen, as well as vacated furniture that served multifunctional purposes. Thursdays and Fridays would be the best exposure to the meager light coming into the apartment. Saturday was the day set aside for ironing, an all-day job, with women finishing late at night or early in the morning.*

All this while cooking, cleaning, shopping and caring for small children at home. 

Ms. Mason was buried on a bitterly cold day in December. For weeks, Philadelphians had been experiencing “intense cold weather” that froze over the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. 

Fifty-three-year-old Cato Griggs died this date, December 14th, in 1842 of Consumption (Tuberculosis) and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Mr. Griggs was employed as a chimney sweep and his spouse was employed as a day worker, according to the 1837 Philadelphia African American Census. Ms. Griggs’ first name was not recorded. In the 1830 U.S. Census, they reported having a son and daughter under the age of ten years. By the time of Mr. Griggs’ death, the children were adults and no longer lived with their parents in their one room on Bedford Street below 7th Street in the Moyamensing District. 

The Griggs were working class poor, having only $20 in personal property and paying only $2.50 per month for rent, according to the 1837 Census. It is amazing to look at the 1830 U.S. Census and see who the Griggs’ neighbors were on Bedford Street. They included African Methodist Episcopal pioneering missionaries and former Bethel Church pastors Rev. John Boggs and Rev. Walter Proctor.* In addition, there were the founding AME families of Trusty, Durham, Law, and Tilghman. Many of these families have members buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Given the number of militant freedom fighters (Underground Railroad) on Bedford Street, it is very likely that runaways from Southern enslavers were sheltered with these brave families. 

The Bedford Street Mission was a welcomed soup kitchen for the poor of the area.

WALKING WHILE BLACK?

“Cato Griggs, a sprout from the African race, and a suspicious character was caught trespassing on the premises of a citizen of Southwark, about 2 o’clock in the morning. Committed.”   (Public Ledger, November 25, 1837, p.1.)

Mr. Griggs was buried at the Bethel Burying Ground on a cold December day that saw snow flurries in the afternoon.

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*William Carl Bolivar, an African American historian, and journalist, wrote that Durham and Proctor would travel to the slave state of Maryland for “camp meetings” preaching the bible. In addition to “soul saving,” these men would pilot enslaved men and women to freedom at great danger to these Black missionaries. (Philadelphia Tribune, June 28, 1913, in Bolivar’s weekly column, Pencil Pusher Points.)