Bethel Burying Ground Project

Eighteen-month-old Joseph Middleton died this date, February 28th, in 1848, due to Whooping Cough, and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. I believe he was the grandson of Francis and Catherine Middleton. Comparing the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census and the 1850 U.S. Census, one could draw the conclusion that the child’s unnamed parents moved from the family’s residence shortly after their son’s death.

In 1850 the family contained Francis (60 y/o) and Catherine (50 y/o), both were free-born in New Jersey. Their four children included William (21 y/o), George (19 y/o), Alexander (15 y/o), and Tabitha (12 y/o). Tabitha was enrolled in Solomon Clarke’s private school. The four siblings were all born in Pennsylvania and could read and write.

Francis was employed as a porter, Catherine was self-employed as a laundress, doing wash and ironing. Both William and George were apprenticed to a bootmaker in 1847. By 1850, only George was listed as a bootmaker in the 1850 Census.

The Middleton family paid $3 a month in rent or approximately $103 in modern currency. It appears they rented more than one room. According to the 1847 African American Census, Stevens’ Court was solidly working class. It was home to sixteen Black families with a total of eighty-six men, women, and children. All of the women in these families worked as laundresses while the men worked as laborers. There were two men who reported their occupation as “seaman.”

The historical records show that the Middletons were industrious and religious people who sought education for their children. They thrived, despite living through decades of persecution that included race riots, daily street violence from white gangs, and epidemics of Cholera, Yellow Fever, Malaria, Typhoid, Typhus, and Tuberculosis.

The Middletons worshiped at Richard Allen’s Bethel A.M.E. Church at 6th and Lombard Streets and paid into their beneficial society that acted like a bank’s savings account for emergencies. Some funds from this society were likely used for little Joseph’s burial expenses.

Eighteen-month-old Joseph Middleton was one of Philadephia’s one hundred thirty-three children to have died of Whooping Cough between 1848 and 1849. He died on a day that started out sunny and clear but by late afternoon a storm hit the city bringing hail, snow, and rain. The child was buried, with dignity, by his family at Bethel Burying Ground.

Seventy-one-year-old John Wells died this date, February 4th, in 1848 of an inflammation of his lungs. The cause is not stated by the physician and could be one or a combination of viral and/or bacterial diseases.

In the 1838 Philadelphia Census, Mr. Wells reported he was employed as a porter. In the year before his death, Mr. Wells reported he worked as a woodsawyer earning $5 a week, according to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. He shared this occupation with whom appears to be his son, John D. Wells, who lived at the same address. The name of the spouse of the senior Mr. Wells was not recorded. The family moved a good deal between 1838 and 1847, finally residing at 114 South 9th Street where the senior Mr. Wells passed away.

John D. Wells lived with his spouse and a daughter. There are no records that I was able to locate that reported the first names of either adult female. The women were self-employed as laundresses, according to the 1838 Census. It also reported that two of the adults were “free-born.” However, it did not state which two.

Mr. Wells was born in 1776. As a child, he walked the streets of Philadelphia with George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams. He saw the exuberant colonists celebrate their newfound freedom from Great Britain and their written commitment to democracy and freedom for all. The young Mr. Wells would go on to realize that his rights had been stolen and sold away. His legacy is our legacy. Please say his name.

Mr. John Wells died on a clear cold day in February 1848 and was buried, with dignity, by his family and friends at Bethel Burying Ground.

Thirteen-year-old Joseph Cropper died this date, January 31st, in 1853 of a “sudden and unexpected Rupture of a Blood vessel in the Lungs.”

At the time of his death, Joseph was an inmate in the Philadelphia Colored House of Refuge. Built only three years before his death, it housed youths under twenty-one-years-old that were convicted of minor crimes, such as theft or fighting. Besides those children who were convicted of a crime, it also gave shelter for up to a year to those who were abandoned or homeless. (1)

It is possible that the young Mr. Cropper was already suffering from a serious respiratory disease, such as Tuberculosis, prior to his death. If that were the case, then it is strange that the attending physician and the coroner did not mention that fact. Joseph would have been in the advanced stages of the disease and should have been in the infirmary, not in a dormitory. These institutions were violent places, often ruled by gangs and run by people willing to look the other way for the sake of their own personal gain.

According to the 1850 U.S. Census, Joseph was the son of Daniel and Annie Maria Cropper. Mr. Cropper was forty years old at the time of his son’s death. Ms. Cropper was forty-two years old. Mr. Cropper was employed as a waiter and a porter, as the latter was usually seasonal.

Ms. Cropper was a stay-at-home mother caring for Joseph, his three sisters, and one brother. At the time of their brother’s death, Elizabeth was twenty-years-old, Sarah A. was twelve-years-old, Daniel, Jr. was nine-years-old, and Ann M. was seven-years-old. Mr. and Ms. Cropper were both born in Delaware, while the rest of the family members were born in Pennsylvania, according to the 1850 U.S. Census and Ms. Cropper’s obituary.

The family was not listed in the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. Their home address was last reported in the 1850 Philadelphia City Directory. The family lived on Emeline Street, now Kater Street. It was a narrow thoroughfare between 8th and 9th Streets and South and Bainbridge Streets. The street was packed with Black families that supported themselves by being employed as laborers, blacksmiths, waiters, laundresses, cooks, and dressmakers.

The Philadelphia city directories for the 1850s do not contain any mentions of the Cropper family. The family does appear in the 1860 U.S. Census as having moved back to Delaware and living in the New Castle area. Still living with their parents are Daniel, Jr. and Anna.

It appears that the family moved back to Delaware after the death of Joseph. Daniel Cropper died in December of 1886 and Annie Marie Cropper in 1889. (2)

Thirteen-year-old Joseph Cropper died on a clear and mild day at the end of January when the temperature rose to a high of forty-nine degrees. He was buried, with dignity, by his family at Bethel Burying Ground. There is the beginning of a family tree at Ancestry.com

(1) https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/house-of-refuge/; E.P. Oherholtzer, Philadelphia: A History of the City and its People, p. 176.

(2) The Morning Sun (New Castle, DE), 13 April 1889.

Forty-year-old Mitchell Blake died this date, January 7th, in 1841 of Tuberculosis and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Mr. Mitchell was employed as a laborer while his spouse Elizabeth was self-employed as a day worker, according to the 1838 Philadelphia African American Census. It was reported that they had one child who was in school. The same census reported that the family lived in a room in a tenement at 238 Lombard Street in the rear of the building. For this, they paid $20 a year in rent or approximately $1.60 a month for an 8′ X 8′ room. This figure indicates severe poverty and paints a grim picture of their day-to-day living. Mitchell and Elizabeth Blake were not native to Pennsylvania and arrived in Philadelphia with $25 in their possession.

After Mr. Blake died, Elizabeth chose to stay at the Lombard Street address, according to the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census. It appears that their child had died or was no longer living with the child’s mother. The 1847 Census reports that Elizabeth now had a male child under the age of five years.

In October of 1840, Mr. Blake was dying. He lived another three months, however, the lining of his lungs was already damaged and they were leaking blood. Whether he was bedridden or mobile, he would have at least heard the rioting going on in Lombard Street. It was national election day on Friday, October 30th, and much like every Fourth of July in the city, it gave rise to the drunken hunting of African Americans by Irish gangs. A group of these racist thugs got hold of a rowboat and put it in the back of a horse-drawn freight wagon and filled it with armed white men. Their mission was to visit every Black church in the area and do as much violence and damage they could get away with in this virtually lawless city. When they pulled up to Bethel Church, they met a group of Black men who were not going to let their new church be vandalized. They drove off the boatload of gangsters who returned with overwhelming numbers that forced the parishioners into the church. According to the newspapers, the terrorists stopped after all the windows in the church were broken. Other Black churches did not fair as well. (1)

The child that Elizabeth lost after the death of her husband may have been Mary Amelia Blake who died on October 13, 1842, of Pneumonia. She was four years old and likely would have been placed in the same grave as her father.

Mr. Blake died on an exceptionally warm day in early January. The warm winds from the south caused the thick ice blocking the Delaware River to break up and allow ship traffic to advance.

He was buried, with dignity, by his family and friends at Bethel Burying Ground.

(1) Public Ledger, 2 Nov 1840; The Colored American, 14 Nov 1840.

Seventy-one-year-old Jasper White died on this date, December 13th in 1853, of “old age.” Mr. White’s first name has also appeared as Joseph, Jesper, and Casper in the 1840 and 1850 federal censuses and the Philadelphia African Censuses of 1838 and 1847.

In the 1838 Census, Mr. White reported that he and three other family members were formerly enslaved. According to the census taker, some bought their freedom, although it is unclear how many. Others had not. But how the latter group gained their liberty is not recorded. In the 1850 Federal Census, the family is recorded as Mr. White, 67 years old, and Comfort White, 60 years of age. Also, there was Cosmos White, 27 years old, and Rachel White, 25 years. All four individuals were born in Maryland.

In addition, there was Margaret, who was six years old, and Georgianna, who was three years old. Both children were born in Philadelphia, according to the Census.

Jasper White stood five foot five and a half inches. He had a light complexion and his body had no scars and bore no signs of the whip. He was born in Worcester County, Maryland on the Eastern Shore, where he spent his first fifty-seven years on John H. White’s plantation plowing the fields and breaking his back harvesting the crops of cotton and corn. And when his body could no longer perform these duties, he was allowed to pay his enslaver for his freedom on May 27, 1836. (2)

In the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census, Mr. White reported that four members of his family, including himself, gained their freedom for a ransom of $1,500 or the modern equivalent of approximately $44,600. The difference between the 1838 census and the 1847 census on how many of the family members were freed, when they were freed, and how is not explained. The Maryland Slave Database (see #2) only lists Jasper White as being legally manumitted.

Jasper White and his family were living in Philadelphia by the Spring/Summer of 1837. The 1838 African American Census (taken the previous year) reports the Whites living in Hazzard’s Alley. The Alley is not listed as an official location. It is neither in directories nor maps. Using the names on the same census page as our guide, it appears they resided near the intersection of 7th and Bainbridge Streets. The family may have ended up there because they had family or friends nearby. There is only one other family located in Hazzard’s Alley. Ms. Flora Adams and her family of five lived next door. Ms. Adams also was manumitted from enslavement. Both families paid exorbitant rents and their homes in the alley may have only been temporary housing. Another possibility is that the rent was being paid by the local Anti-Slavery or Abolition Societies who may have assisted with both Mr. White’s manumission payment and his and his family’s living expenses.

Mr. White worked as a laborer while Ms. White took in laundry. The employment, if any, of the other adults is not recorded. One member of the family attended services at Bethel Church, according to the 1838 Census. By the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census, Mr. White was unable to work and labeled “helpless” by the census taker. The family was down to four individuals. Both children were gone. At least one female was employed doing washing and ironing. There is still no employment recorded for Cosmos White.

The children may have succumbed to the dozen diseases that hunted the poor. (3) There are no death certificates for the children. However, the records are not complete with long gaps of missing records. In a way, there may be an answer in the Federal Census of 1850 which states that the family of four adults has moved. When historians and sociologists (W.E.B. DuBois) write about the Black poor in 19th Century Philadelphia, the name of several streets and alleys are always mentioned. St. Mary’s and Small Streets are described as the home of the desperately poor African Americans. These streets were death traps of starvation, violence, and rampant disease. However, the social scientists and the newspapers of the era have deemed Bedford Street as the worst. The White family’s financial situation put them there by 1850. No one would choose to live there.

Mr. Jasper White died on a freezing day in December. His courage and amazing strength carried him and his family to Philadelphia after a long life of enslavement. He was buried by his family and friends, with dignity, in an African American-owned cemetery – Bethel Burying Ground.

(1) https://worcesterlibrary.org/sites/default/files/documents/Worcester_African-American_Heritage.pdf

(2) http://slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/links/records.html

(3) Another possibility could be that the family could not take care of the children and they were placed in the Children’s Workhouse. Run by Christian organizations, the children would receive clothes, three meals a day, an education, and taught a trade. In return, the young children would spend their time weaving straw mats and other items. The older children could be rented out as apprentices and domestics.

The following is a comment recently sent by a reader to a 2014 posting. The old posting is available at: https://bethelburyinggroundproject.com/?s=admonition

Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835-1923) was an A.M.E. bishop and editor of the church’s influential newspaper, Christian Recorder from 1868 to 1884. He used the newspaper several times to openly criticize the poor stewardship of the Bethel Burying Ground by the trustees of Bethel Church.

THE BODIES OF THE SAINTS – BETHEL BURYING GROUND
The teaching of the Old Testament in regard to the bodies of believers may be said to be stated, Psl. xii. 14. And precious shall their blood be in his sight.’ Nor does the general scope of the New Testament, change this high estimate; if anything, it increases it. Paul says, 1 Cor. 111 16. “Know; ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that God dwelleth in you. ”
In keeping with these high teaching’s God’s people have ever acted. Joseph gave commandment concerning his bones, and his children were only too glad to obey him in after days. How tenderly the Disciples looked after the body of Jesus is familiar to every Scripture reader; while the Catacombs bear witness to the early thought of the Church in regard to her dead. Nor has this sentiment ever decreased among the really godly. In fact, care for the dead may be said to have become a badge of our profession. Of course, we can have no sympathy with this feeling when it runs into such abuses as are practiced in the Romish Church. They have converted respect for the dead, rational in its nature, and elevating in its tendency, into a kind of second-rate worship, that is mockish and miserable, and should be treated as a criminal caricature of rational sentiment.

We were led to pen these words after gazing upon the burial ground of Bethel Church in this city.
In this ground lay the bones of the fathers and mothers of our Israel-the coadjutors of Richard Allen; and in no same number of square feet, is there more precious dust. One would think that such a spot would be kept in unexceptionable trim. Aside from this sentiment of religion, common gratitude would dictate that it should be so. The nation has gathered together the fallen heroes in well-chosen cemeteries all over the land and annually garnishes them with flowers. Surely if gratitude thus demeans itself, religion cannot do less. We say nothing about garnishing with flowers, save that which nature does itself if but allowed, but we do plead that the men and women, who laid the foundation of our Bethel Zion, should at least rest decently. We are confident that the majority of the Christians who sing and shout in the grand old building which these dead heroes and heroines erected are not aware of the shameful condition of this burial place. Let us tell them-FOR THE PALTRY SUM OF A FEW HUNDRED DOLLARS A YEAR, THE INCORPORATION HAS RENTED IT, AND NOW IT IS PILED UP WITH EMPTY HOGSHEADS AND OTHER RUBBISH.

If we mistake not the metal of Bethel, this shameful state of affairs will soon be remedied. More in regard to this matter next week. (Christian Recorder, July 6, 1872)
“More than a fortnight ago, we called attention to the miserable and most disgraceful condition of this consecrated ground; and then promised more “next week.” We now fulfill our promise, if not in regard to time, certainly in regard to the matter itself.

As we said then, it cannot be possible that Bethel church knew the condition of these grounds. If she did, we feel sure that she would rise up in her might, and right the wrong, by putting away the disgrace. Her disgrace! It is nothing less. Is not the son disgraced who refuses to pay the funeral expenses of his mother? Is he not disgraced if he gives her not decent interment? And would he not be doubly disgraced, if he were to barter away for pelf, the family burial ground; and at the same time, be too mean to remove the bones of his dead ancestry? All the Christian world would give a most hearty affirmative to each and all these interrogatories.

It is almost precisely thus with the few men who led Bethel into this affair of bartering away Old the Burial Ground. In that ground, lay the dead fathers and mothers of our Israel, and their children of this generation have made traffic of their bones. For the paltry sum of five hundred dollars a year, they have disgraced themselves, disgraced the Church; we might say, disgraced the race.

Visit that ground today, perfumed with the sweet odors of the dead, and which ought to be perfumed with sweetest flowers, and what do you see? A most shameful spectacle-old hogshead, and barrels and lumber of every conceivable shape. Not a gravestone unbroken, not a grave to be seen – all is confusion and shame.

Who led Bethel – the first to recommend it we mean, into this Slough of Contempt, we know not; we possibly may know by the time we write our next article. Whoever he is, he ought to be made do forty days penance and wear the deepest sackcloth. In the meantime, we invite the friends to take a walk down to the ground, on Queen St. between Fourth and Fifth, and view it for themselves.
In our next, we hope to give the names of some of the venerable dead there interred with a little more comment.” (Christian Recorder, August 3, 1872)

“As it relates to the horrible work of the ghouls upon the dead of Lebanon Cemetery, we have this to say. Not a little of the responsibility rests upon the colored people themselves, owing to the wretched condition in which they allow the graves, with the entire surroundings of their dead, to remain. They practically invite the ghouls to their work. When we as a class shall show the respect for our dead that others show, such outrages will measurably cease. Let any who doubt the truthfulness of what we say, pay a visit to the graveyard of Bethel Church, where sleep the dead fathers and mothers of our connection. Its condition is certainly not credible to us as a church.” [Italics added] (Christian Recorder, December 14, 1882)
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The Reverend B.W. Arnett observed of Tanner, “His pen is sharper than his razor, and his editorial chair finer than his barber chair.” For more on Bishop Tanner, his biography is an excellent source – Fire in His Heart: Bishop Tucker Tanner and the A.M.E. Church by William Seraile.

*

Fifty-four-year-old Ann Miller died this day, October 23rd, in 1840 of “Apoplexy” (stroke) and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. The 1838 African American Census reported she was “free born,” a widow and employed as a domestic. Ms. Miller lived in a small room at #2 Elizabeth Street for which she paid $3 a month or approximately $88 in modern currency. Ms. Miller reported she owned $50 in personal property that might have included a stove and furniture. In modern currency, $50 would be the approximate equivalent of $1,480.

In 1838, Ms. Miller resided on Elizabeth Street with one hundred sixty African American men, women, and chldren. The adults were employed in the following occupations.

WOMEN                          MEN

Dressmaker                       Coachman

Laundress                         Hairdresser

Domestic                           Porter

Teacher                            Waiter

Nurse                                Shoemaker

Ms. Miller died on a fair day in late October. She was laid to rest, with dignity, by clergy, friends, and neighbors at Bethel Burying Ground.

NOTE: Ms. Miller is likely buried with her spouse. Board of Health burial records for the 1830s are very incomplete with entire years missing.

Sixty-one-year-old Nathaniel Gibbs died this date, October 14th, in 1852, of a “Rheumatic Inflammation of the Meninges of the Brain,” in short, Rhematic Fever. Acute RF is a disease that, in addition to the brain, can severely affect the heart, joints, and skin. Without antibiotics, RF is most deadly in the young and the elderly.

The 1847 Philadelphia African American Census shows Mr. Gibbs and his spouse, who I believe was Ann Gibbs, were both born of enslaved mothers in Maryland. Only one gained his or her freedom, presumably by being bought by the other for $250. That sum would be approximately $7,000 in modern currency.

The family suffered a devastating monetary loss when Dyott Bank collapsed. The Gibbs lost $500 which equates to approximately $16,700 in modern currency. The 1847 Census reported five Black families losing life savings with the same Bank.

Mr. Gibbs was employed as a waiter earning $12 a month, $400 in modern currency, according to the Census, while Ms. Gibbs was self-employed as a washer woman earning approximately $1 a week. The family was paying $9 in rent for their room on Lombard Street.

There was an unidentified teenage female living with the Gibbs. The census taker in 1847 commented that the Gibbs were keeping the girl “from the streets.” She did not attend school and likely assisted Ms. Gibbs with her works. All three attended church services, according to the Census. The girl was born in Pennsylvania.

Tragically, on July 7th in 1849 Ms. Gibbs died of Cholera and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. Both Mr. and Ms. Gibbs belonged to beneficial societies that likely assisted with their burial costs. The 1850 U.S. Census shows Mr. Gibbs moved to a tenement in Turner’s Court, near his old address. He was still employed as a waiter. (See above map)

Mr. Gibbs died on a fair weather day in mid-October and was buried by friends at Bethel Burying Ground.

Two-year-old Georgiana Kinnard died this date, September 28th, in 1844 of Pneumonia and was buried at Bethel Burying Ground. After surveying census records, I am convinced that Georgiana’s parents were Elizabeth and Cyrus Kinnard. Ms. Kinnard was thirty-years-old at the time of her daughter’s death and he was thirty-four-years old. Mr. Kinnard was born in Maryland while Ms. Kinnard was born in Delaware. They had two other children: Matilda, who was six-years-old, and Rebecca, who was a year old. It appears that Ms. Kinnard was pregnant with her son Cyrus, Jr. (1)

In the 1847 Philadelphia African American Census, Mr. Kinnard reported that he was born to an enslaved mother. He also stated that he was not manumitted nor did he buy his freedom, which leaves the probability that Mr. Kinnard was a succesful passenger on the Underground Railroad! He was employed as a waiter and, in 1847, reported his earnings as only $15 a month. Ms. Kinnard was self-employed as a washerwoman which she did while pregnant and caring for children at home.

Two-year-old Georgiana lived with her parents and siblings in one room at #18 Acorn Alley for which they paid $1.50 a month, which is a clear sign of poverty along with Mr. Kinnard’s low income. The modern currency equivalent for $1.50 is approximately $50.00. The Census reports the family had $75 in personal property or $2,500 in modern currency. This would include furniture, tools, and clothes.

Georgiana was one of 211 children who died from Pneumonia between 1846 and 1847, according to the Philadelphia Board of Health records. The treatment for her illness was bloodletting. She would have been cut by the doctor and several spoonfuls of blood would have been taken from her little arms on a regular basis. The more conservative physician might just apply leeches to draw the blood out. Bloodletting is the withdrawal of blood based on an ancient system of medicine in which fluids were regarded as “humours” that had to remain in proper balance to maintain health.

The child’s parents may have gone to Powel’s Apothecary at the corner to buy a liquid “elixir” that usually contained opiates and alcohol that did not help cure the condition. The family also may have contacted an African American herbalist to use traditional medical methods. There were ten Black herbalists in the community, according to the 1847 Census.

Georgiana died on a Saturday in late September that saw a storm of heavy rain and damaging wind. She was buried, with dignity, at Bethel Burying Ground.

(1) By the 1850 Federal Census the Kinnards also had James H. (4 y/o), Mary L. (2 y/o), and July A. (4 months old). All the children were born in Philadelphia.